| Amino acid sequence | Outbreak | Pathotype | References |
| H5 avian influenza viruses1 | |||
| PQ......RETR*GLF | Typical H5 LPAI | LP | (10) |
| PQ........RKKR*GLF | Scotland/1959, Texas-USA/2004 | HP | (6) |
| PQ....RRRKKR*GLF | Ontario-Canada/1966, Italy/1997 | HP | (6) |
| PQ....RKRKKR*GLF | Ireland/1983 | HP | (6) |
| PQREKRRKKR*GLF | South Africa/2006, 2006; H5N1 Eurasian-African lineage (1996-) | HP | (1) |
| PQRERRRKKR*GLF | H5N1 Eurasian-African lineage (1996-) | HP | (8) |
| PQREIRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQIERRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQGERRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PLRERRR..KR*GLF | HP | ||
| PRIERRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQRERIRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQRE.RRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQKERRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQRERKRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQRESRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQRE..KRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PLRE..RRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQGDRRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQGEGRRKKR*GLF | HP | ||
| PQ....RKRKTR*GLF | England/1991 | HP | (10) |
| PQ....RKRKTR*GLF PQRKRKRKTR*GLF | Mexico/1994-95 | HP | (4, 5) |
| PQRETRRQKR*GLF | South Africa/1961 | HP | (10) |
| PQ........KKKR*GLF2 | Pennsylvania-USA/1983 | HP | (10) |
| H7 avian influenza viruses | |||
| PEIP...........................KTR*GLF PEIP...........................KGR*GLF PEKP..........................KTR*GLF PENP..........................KTR*GLF | Typical H7 LPAI | LP | (10) |
| PEIP...................KKREKR*GLF | England/1963, Victoria-Australia/1975, Victoria-Australia/1985 | HP | (10) |
| PEIP................KKRKR*GLF | England/1979 | HP | (1, 14) |
| PEIP................RKRKR*GLF | Queensland-Australia/1994, New South Wales-Australia/1997 | HP | (11) |
| PETP.............KRKRKR*GLF PETP...............KRRKR*GLF PETP...............KRRNR*GLF | Pakistan/1995 | HP | (2) |
| Amino acid sequence | Outbreak | Pathotype | References |
| PETP....................KRRRR*GLF | England/1963 | HP | (14) |
| PEIP................KRRRR*GLF | England/1979, Netherlands/2003 | (1, 14) | |
| PEIP...............KKKKR*GLF PEIP............. KRKKR*GLF PEIP......... ...KKRKKR*GLF PEIP...... ...KKKKKKR*GLF | Leipzig-Germany/1979, VictoryAustralia/1992 | HP | (9) |
| PEIPKG................SRVRR*GLF PEIPKG.............SRMRR*GLF PEIPKR.................SRVRR*GLF | Italy/1999 | HP | (3) |
| PEKPKTCSPLSRCRETR*GLF PEKPKTCSPLSRCRKTR*GLF | Chile/2002 | HP | (12) |
| PENPK.....QAYRKRMTR*GLF PENPK.....QAYQKRMTR*GLF PENPK.....QAYKKRMTR*GLF PENPK.....QAYHKRMTR*GLF PENPK.....QAHQKRMTR*GLF PENPR.....QAYRKRMTR*GLF PENPK.....QACQKRMTR*GLF | British Columbia-Canada/2004 | HP | (7) |
| PEIPK.........GRHRRPKR*GLF | North Korea/2005 | HP | (13) |
1. = site of HA0 cleavage into HA1 and HA2, underlined amino acids are inserts
2. High pathogenicity phenotype also required loss of the shielding glycosylation site at residue 13
References
- ALEXANDER D.J., CAPUA I. & KOCH G. (2008). Highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe, Africa and Asia since 1959, excluding the Asian H5N1 virus outbreaks. In: Avian Influenza, Swayne D.E., ed. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA, pp. 217–237.
- BANKS J., SPEIDEL E.C., MCCAULEY J.W. & ALEXANDER D.J. (2000). Phylogenetic analysis of H7 haemagglutinin subtype influenza A viruses. Arch. Virol., 145, 1047–1058.
- CAPUA I., MUTINELLI F., MARANGON S. & ALEXANDER D.J. ( 2000). H7N1 avian influenza in Italy (1999 to 2000) in intensively reared chickens and turkeys. Avian Pathol., 29, 537–543.
- GARCIA M., CRAWFORD J.M., LATIMER J.W., RIVERA-CRUZ M.V.Z.E. & PERDUE M.L. (1996). Heterogeneity in the hemagglutinin gene and emergence of the highly pathogenic phenotype among recent H5N2 avian influenza viruses from Mexico. J. Gen. Virol., 77, 1493–1504.
- HORIMOTO T., RIVERA E., PEARSON J., SENNE D., KRAUSS S., KAWAOKA Y. & WEBSTER R.G. (1995). Origin and molecular changes associated with emergence of a highly pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus in Mexico. Virology, 213, 223–230.
- LEE C.W., SWAYNE D.E., LINARES J.A., SENNE D.A. & SUAREZ D.L. (2005). H5N2 avian influenza outbreak in Texas in 2004: the first highly pathogenic strain in the United States in 20 years? J. Virol., 79, 3692–3702.
- PASICK J., HANDEL K., ROBINSON J., COPPS J., RIDD D., HILLS K., KEHLER H., COTTAM-BIRT C., NEUFELD J., BERHANE Y. & CZUB S. (2005). Intersegmental recombination between the haemagglutinin and matrix genes was responsible for the emergence of a highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza virus in British Columbia. J. Gen. Virol., 86, 727–731.
- PERDUE M.L. (2008). Molecular determinants of pathogenicity for avian influenza viruses. In: Avian Influenza, Swayne D.E., ed. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA, pp. 23–41.
- ROHM C., SUSS J., POHLE V. & WEBSTER R.G. (1996). Different hemagglutinin cleavage site variants of H7N7 in an influenza outbreak in chickens in Leipzig, Germany. Virology, 218, 253–257. 2 OIE Terrestrial Manual 2009 Temporary addition to Chapter 2.3.4. – Avian influenza
- SENNE D.A., PANIGRAHY B., KAWAOKA Y., PEARSON J.E., SUSS J., LIPKIND M., KIDA H. & WEBSTER R.G. (1996). Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential. Avian Dis., 40, 425–437.
- SIMS L.D. & TURNER A.J. (2008). Avian influenza in Australia. In: Avian Influenza, Swayne D.E., ed. WylieBlackwell Publishing, Ames,Iowa, USA, pp. (in press).
- SUAREZ D.L., SENNE D.A., BANKS J., BROWN I.H., ESSEN S.C., LEE C.W., MANVELL R.J., MATHIEU-BENSON C.,MORENO V., PEDERSEN J.C., PANIGRAHY B., ROJAS H., SPACKMAN E. & ALEXANDER D.J. (2004). Recombination resulting in virulence shift in avian influenza outbreak, Chile. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10, 693–699.
- SWAYNE D.E. (2008). The global nature of avian influenza. In: Avian Influenza, Swayne D.E., ed. Blackwell Publishers, Ames, Iowa, USA, pp. 123–143.
- WOOD G.W., MCCAULEY J.W., BASHIRUDDIN J.B. & ALEXANDER D.J. (1993). Deduced amino acid sequences at the haemagglutinin cleavage site of avian influenza A viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes. Arch. Virol., 130, 209–217.